Arthavaan, Vol 6, Issue 1, December 2023

Reviewing Technology Habits to Validate a Measurement Scale for Habitual Use of Voice Assistants

Palak Kanojia, Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi,

Prof. Ashish Chandra, Professor, Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi

Purpose- Habitual behaviour is being studied from over a century in inter-disciplinary context. Advent of digital economy  has  disrupted  the  deep  rooted  habits  and formed newer ones in a short span of time. Information systems research attempts to study various dispositions and behavioural patterns of technology users. Theories of social sciences have stemmed into a new branch of study ‘Digital Psychology.’ Digital marketers are not just interested in observing the patterns of users but also in investigating why users are showing such patterns. Methodology-  A  two-step  approach  was  followed  to understand the changing paradigm of habitual use in context of technology. Firstly, a narrative review analysis of  habitual  use  of  technology  has  been  conducted to  explore  the  present  literature  and  the  underlying concepts  of  habit  formation.  Using  the  systematic review of literature, a content analysis of major theories is done in this study to evaluate the existing information system  research.  Various  measurement  scales  were compared for various dimensions. In the second study, a measurement scale was finalised comprising of multiple root constructs and it was tested for reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha. The six-item scale was validated by examining its relationship with frequency as single item measurement using Spearman’s correlation

Keywords: 

habits, habitual use, technology, digital habits, review, test-retest reliability, scale validation

References:

Aagaard, J. (2020, April). Beyond the rhetoric of tech addiction: why we should be discussing tech habits instead (and how). Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1007/s11097- 020-09669-z

Ambalov, I. (2021). An investigation of technology trust and habit in IT use continuance: a study of a social network. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 23(1), 53-81. Retrieved from https:// doi.org/10.1108/JSIT-05-2019-0096

Andrews, B. (1903). Habit. The American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 121-149. doi:10.2307/1412711

Ayaburi, E. W., Wairimu, J., & Andoh-Baidoo, F. K. (2019). Antecedents and Outcome of Deficient Self-Regulation in Unknown Wireless Networks Use Context: An Exploratory Study. Information Systems Frontiers, 21, 1213–1229. Retrieved from https://doi. org/10.1007/s10796-019-09942-w

Bayer, J. B., & LaRose, R. (2018). Technology Habits: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. In B. Verplanken (Ed.), The Psychology of

Habit: Theory, Mechanisms, Change, and Contexts (pp. 111-130). Cham: Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 97529-0_7

Bryan, W. L., & Harter, N. (1899, July). Studies on the telegraphic language: The acquisition of a hierarchy of habits. Psychological Review, 6(4), 345–375. doi:10.1037/h0073117

De Houwar, J. (2019). On How Definitions of Habits Can Complicate Habit Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 10: 2642, 1-9. doi:10.3389/psyg.2019.02642

Gardner, B. (2015). A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 277-295. doi:10.1080/17437199.

2013.876238

Graben, K., Doering, B. K., Jeromin, F., & Barke, A. (2020). Problematic mobile phone use: Validity and reliability of the Problematic Use of Mobile Phone (PUMP) Scale in a German sample. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 12. doi:https://doi. org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100297

Hodgson, G. (2010). Choice, Habit and Evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 20, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s00191-009-0134-z

James, W. (1890). Habit. In The Principles of Psychology. London: Macmillan. doi:https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/ prin4.htm

Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., Rooij, A. v., Maurage, P., Carras, M., . . . Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction, 112, 1709– 1715. doi:10.1111/add.13763

Ledger, P. (1893, May 27). Habits of Thought. Scientific American, Nature America, Inc., 21, 326. Retrieved from https://www.jstor. org/stable/26110203

Naab, T. K., & Schnauber, A. (2016). Habitual Initiation of Media Use and a Response-Frequency Measure for Its Examination. Media Psychology, 19(1), 126-155. doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.951055

Page, M., McKenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., & Mulrow, C. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med, 18(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583

Paiman, N., & Fauzi, M. (2023). Exploring determinants of social media addiction in higher education through the integrated lenses of technology acceptance model (TAM) and usage habit. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ JARHE-03-2023-0114

Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018 , June). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252– 259. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.49

Phibbs, C. L., & Rahman, S. S. (2022). A Synopsis of “The Impact of Motivation, Price, and Habit on Intention to Use IoT-Enabled Technology: A Correlational Study”. Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy, 2(3), 662-699. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp2030034

Rieder, A., Lehrer, C., & Jung, R. (2019). Understanding the Habitual Use of Wearable Activity Trackers. 14th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik. Siegen, Germany. Retrieved from https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/330193775_Understanding_the_ Habitual_Use_of_Wearable_Activity_Trackers

Roberts, N. H., Thatcher, J. B., & Klein, R. (2006). Mindfulness in the Domain of Information Systems., (pp. 1-17).

Soror, A., Steelman, Z., & Turel, O. (2022). Exhaustion and dependency: a habituation–sensitization perspective on the duality of habit in social media use. Information Technology & People, 35(1), 67-95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-11-2019-0603

Venkatesh, V., Davis, F. D., & Zhu, Y. (2023). Competing roles of intention and habit in predicting behavior: A comprehensive literature review, synthesis, and longitudinal field study. International Journal of Information Management, 71. Retrieved from https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102644

Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012, March). Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information   Technology:   Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157-178. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/ stable/41410412

Verplanken, B. (Ed.). (2018). The Psychology of Habit Theory, Mechanisms, Change, and Contexts: Theory, Mechanisms, Change, and Contexts. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97529-0

Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on Past Behavior: A Self-Report Index of Habit Strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(6), 1313-1330. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.

tb01951.x

Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90-103. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/ stable/30000528

Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to Break and Create Consumer Habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90-103. Retrieved May 27, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/ stable/30000528

Wood, W., & Runger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 289–314.

Yu, P. L. (1991). Habitual Domains. Operations Research, 39(6), 869-876. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.39.6.869